Skip to content
Search
Science
Science
Visit Australia’s oldest scientific institution to learn about our latest scientific discoveries. We've been studying and documenting plant life in New South Wales and Australia for over 200 years.
Find out more
Herbarium digitisation & relocation
Our Work & Discoveries
PlantClinic
Australian PlantBank
Daniel Solander Library
Our Science Staff
Plants
Plants
Discover the plants that call the Garden home and the people that help cultivate our amazing floral displays.
Find out more
Gardening
Plant Information
Common Diseases
Learn
Learn
Discover our primary and secondary school education that engage students with hands-on learning delivered by our skilled team of educators.
Find out more
Primary School Excursions
Secondary School Excursions
Plan Your Excursion
Community Greening
Stories
Stories
Meet the people who work at the Botanic Gardens and keep up with the latest news and stories. Delve into the background behind the news and discover more about the subjects that matter most to us.
Find out more
Visit
Visit
Discover all the tours, walking trails, plant displays and natural areas at the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden.
Find out more
Map
Things to See & Do
Eat and Drink
Our History
Regulations
Opening Hours
Venue Hire
Venue Hire
The Garden's panoramic views and stunning mountain location make it a great place to hold your birthday party, family gathering, wedding or corporate event.
Find out more
Picnic and Garden Parties
Weddings
Commercial Filming and Photography
Exhibitions
Contact Us
Booking Information
Join & Support
Join & Support
Find out more
Donate
Corporate Support
Membership
Foundation and Friends of the Botanic Gardens
Dedicate a Bench
Volunteering
COVID-19 information and update
Our sites
Blue Mountains Botanic Garden
Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan
Royal Botanic Garden Sydney
Follow us
About us
Join & Support
Opening Times
Map
Donate
Search
Science
Science
Visit Australia’s oldest scientific institution to learn about our latest scientific discoveries. We've been studying and documenting plant life in New South Wales and Australia for over 200 years.
Find out more
National Herbarium of New South Wales
Herbarium digitisation & relocation
Our Work & Discoveries
PlantClinic
Australian PlantBank
Daniel Solander Library
Our Science Staff
Vital Science
The Botanic Garden is a living lab. Home to some of the world's most valuable plant scientists, solving some of humanity's most vital challenges.
Find out more
Vital Science
The Botanic Garden is a living lab. Home to some of the world's most valuable plant scientists, solving some of humanity's most vital challenges.
Find out more
Branch Out
Branch Out with our new podcast and discover the surprising world of plants with science and stories from Australia’s oldest living scientific institution.
Find out more
Branch Out
Branch Out with our new podcast and discover the surprising world of plants with science and stories from Australia’s oldest living scientific institution.
Find out more
Plants
Plants
Discover the plants that call the Garden home and the people that help cultivate our amazing floral displays.
Find out more
Gardening
Plant Information
Common Diseases
Growing Native Plants in Sydney
Find out more
Growing Native Plants in Sydney
Find out more
Common Diseases
Get all the details on plant diseases such as Phytophthora, Armillaria, Fusarium Wilt, Ganoderma Butt Rot and Cypress Canker, along with methods for disease diagnosis and control.
Find out more
Common Diseases
Get all the details on plant diseases such as Phytophthora, Armillaria, Fusarium Wilt, Ganoderma Butt Rot and Cypress Canker, along with methods for disease diagnosis and control.
Find out more
Learn
Learn
Discover our primary and secondary school education that engage students with hands-on learning delivered by our skilled team of educators.
Find out more
Primary School Excursions
Secondary School Excursions
Plan Your Excursion
Community Greening
Primary School Excursions
Find out more
Primary School Excursions
Find out more
Secondary School Excursions
Find out more
Secondary School Excursions
Find out more
Stories
Stories
Meet the people who work at the Botanic Gardens and keep up with the latest news and stories. Delve into the background behind the news and discover more about the subjects that matter most to us.
Find out more
New growth ahead for the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden Mount Tomah
After 16 days of active fire, the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden Mount Tomah is welcoming visitors again.
Find out more
New growth ahead for the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden Mount Tomah
After 16 days of active fire, the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden Mount Tomah is welcoming visitors again.
Find out more
Pollen a fast one: conifer pollination
The weird world of conifer pollination
Find out more
Pollen a fast one: conifer pollination
The weird world of conifer pollination
Find out more
Visit
Visit
Discover all the tours, walking trails, plant displays and natural areas at the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden.
Find out more
Map
Things to See & Do
Eat and Drink
Our History
Regulations
Opening Hours
Things to See & Do
Find out more about what you can see and do in the Garden.
Find out more
Things to See & Do
Find out more about what you can see and do in the Garden.
Find out more
What's On
Find out more
What's On
Find out more
Venue Hire
Venue Hire
The Garden's panoramic views and stunning mountain location make it a great place to hold your birthday party, family gathering, wedding or corporate event.
Find out more
Picnic and Garden Parties
Weddings
Commercial Filming and Photography
Exhibitions
Contact Us
Booking Information
Weddings
Curate your own unique wedding in a romantic botanic garden setting.
Find out more
Weddings
Curate your own unique wedding in a romantic botanic garden setting.
Find out more
Picnic and Garden Parties
Book a picnic shelter for your next birthday part or family gathering.
Find out more
Picnic and Garden Parties
Book a picnic shelter for your next birthday part or family gathering.
Find out more
Share Page
Home
Additional Pages
Sitemap
Sitemap
Home
Science
No Plants, No Future
National Herbarium of New South Wales
Herbarium digitisation & relocation
Vital Science
Rainforest Conservation Appeal
Articles
Wollemi Pine
The diversity of rainforests
Rainforest field work and expeditions
National and international rainforest conservation collaboration
Capacity building and training in developing countries
Dispersal of rainforest animals
The Big Scrub
Rainforest plants to grow at home
Rainforest medicine and technology
Dispersal by Aboriginal people
Ancient Gondwana rainforest
Our Work & Discoveries
Evolutionary Ecology
Meet the team
Rainforest evolution and conservation
The distribution and assembly of Australian rainforest plants
Redefining rainforest refugia
Using environmental DNA (eDNA) to explore biogeographic patterns in soil biodiversity
The Sunda-Sahul exchange: history and biogeographic patterns
Phylogenetics of the Australian Lauraceae
Threatened species management and conservation in Australian rainforests
Rainforest dispersal and dynamics
Why are large fruited species rare?
Indigenous dispersal of Black Bean
Rediscovering Aboriginal dispersal pathways
The Sunda-Sahul exchange: functional and dynamic patterns
Threatened species management
Hibbertia sp. Bankstown
Banksia vincentia
Fontainea oraria and Elaeocarpus williamsianus
Eucalyptus tetrapleura
Australian flora: evolution and adaptation
Speciation and evolutionary history of the green ash eucalypts
Diversification of co-distributed water gums (Tristaniopsis)
Evolutionary Ecology news
Germplasm Conservation & Horticulture
Persoonia Conservation
Pollination ecology
Seed biology
Tissue culture
Translocation
Wollemi Pine Conservation Program
Wollemi Pine FAQs
When was it discovered?
Why was it so extraordinary?
Where is the Wollemi Pine found?
What is the ecology of the Wollemi Pine?
How old is the Wollemi Pine?
What does it look like?
Where can you see the Wollemi Pine?
How is it being protected in the wild?
Why was the Wollemi Pine propagated for sale?
How do I grow my Wollemi Pine?
Wollemi Pine research projects
The search for genetic variation
Protecting the critically endangered Wollemi Pine
Growth of Wollemi Pine in the wild
Growth of Wollemi Pine in cultivation
Tracking through time
Determining its age
Fungal associations and pathogens
If trees could talk...
Research papers and articles
Terrestrial Orchid Conservation
Our orchid projects and publications
Collection of seed, soil and tissue samples
Isolation and testing of mycorrhizal fungi
Propagation of orchids for translocation
Long-term storage of orchid germplasm
Natural Areas Management
Ecology of Cumberland Plain Woodland
Western Sydney woodland
Woodland at the Australian Botanic Garden
Climate and our weather station
Habitats within the woodland
Monitoring change in the woodland
Long-term study methods
Changes in tree stratum
Changes in the shrub stratum
Changes in groundcover species
Monitoring impacting events
Fire
Rabbits
Drought and rainfall
Seasonality
The value of long-term monitoring
A year in the woodland
Woodland ecology
Life cycle stages
Flower
Fruit
Seed
Seedling
Juvenile
Adult
Processes affecting the life cycle
Germination
Establishment
Growth and maturity
Predation: grazing and herbivory
Pollination
Seed dispersal
Seed and fruit predation
Aging, death and decay
Impacting events
Fire
Drought
Plague and disease
Invasion by exotic species
Storms and lightning
Climate change
Community ecology
Woodland community origins
Importance of soil
Plant community structure
Competition for light and water
Interactions: native and exotic plants
Grassland remnants
Management issues
Key ecological features
Plant species in the woodland
Vascular plants
Trees
Shrubs
Vines and climbers
Ferns
Groundcovers
Daisies, family Asteraceae
Chenopods, family Chenopodiaceae
Peas, family Fabaceae
Other herbs A to F
Other herbs G to M
Other herbs N to P
Other herbs R to Z
Grasses, family Poaceae
Graminoids
Specialised lifeforms
Mosses
Lichens
Fungi
Other microscopic organisms
Wildlife in the woodland
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Spiders and scorpions
Insects, centipedes and slaters
Ants, bees and wasps
Beetles
Bugs and cicadas
Butterflies and moths
Cockroaches
Dragonflies
Flies
Grasshoppers
Earwigs, Lacewings and Crustaceans
Snails and slugs
Research ideas and references
Restoring the woodland after African olive invasion
Plant Diversity
Plant Pathology
Control of Norfolk Island Pine Canker
Controlling Pathogen Spread in Resistograph Drilling
Describing novel Fusarium species
Evaluating Pathogenic Potential of Fusarium oxysporum
Evolution of Pathogenicity genes in Fusarium
Fusarium species associated with mango malformation in Australia
Fusarium wilt of watermelon
Fusarium workshops
Leaf spot fungi systematics
Phytophthora dieback in the GBMWHA
Phytophthora root rot of Wollemi Pine
Trichothecene production in Fusarium goolgardi
Wildlife Ecology
Ecology of Christmas Island Flying Fox
Ecology of European Red Fox
Ecology of Ibis
Foraging and habitat ecology of the Yellow-tailed black-cockatoo
School student knowledge of conservation and ecology
Spatial ecology and demography of the vulnerable Grey-headed flying-fox and Black flying-fox
Urban ecology of the Sulphur-crested cockatoo
Hollows as Homes
Urban adaptation and ecology of the vulnerable Powerful owl (Ninox strenua)
News
Branch Out
No Plants No Medicine
No Plants No Food
No Plants No Animals
No Plants No Past
No Plants No Future
Botany & a bizarre bryophyte discovery
Barbara Briggs: Detective Botany & DNA
Branch Out: Gardens grow communities
What is a herbarium?
Plants with Bite
Cow paddock to biggest botanic garden
Bizarre BEE-haviour & snotty gobbles
Nature play keeps the doctor away
Mistletoe: a festive & freaky parasite
Explore Aboriginal culture in Sydney
No Plants No Chocolate
Plant vs Human Intelligence
PlantClinic
PlantClinic Staff
Fun Fungal Facts
Australian PlantBank
About PlantBank
Our purpose and history
PlantBank's individual supporters
Your visit to PlantBank
Our partners in seedbanking
Our current sponsors
Support PlantBank through corporate sponsorship
Learning at PlantBank
HSBC Sponsorship for interactive learning
Professional development
Sustainability at PlantBank
PlantBank staff
Our place within the Cumberland Plain Woodland
Awards for PlantBank
Our collections at PlantBank
FAQ: Australian plants and seed collections
Our data at PlantBank
Targets & priorities
Find out how plants are prepared for seedbanking and tissue culture
Find out more about conservation of plants such as the Wollemi Pine
Discover how native plant seeds germinate and grow into adult plants
Understand how seeds are cleaned and prepared for banking
How are seeds stored in the vault at PlantBank?
Find out about the use of tissue culture and cryostorage for horticulture and conservation
A glimpse into the nursery at the Australian Botanic Garden
Conservation and research at PlantBank
Seed biology research
Tissue culture and cryopreservation
Tissue culture
Cryopreservation
Restoration of threatened species
Publications and resources
Publications from PlantBank
Resources for seedbanking
Waratah publications
Flannel Flower publications
Plant ID & Disease Diagnostic Services
Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit
Plants
Plant Information
Plants of NSW
Plant Names & Classification
Collecting Plant Specimens
Preserving Plant Specimens
Common Diseases
Phytophthora Dieback
Commonwealth and NSW legislation and plans
Previous and current research and education projects
Disinfection procedures
Facts about Phytophthora
Managing Phytophthora Dieback in bushland
Understand Phytophthora Dieback
Assess for risk of disease
Adjust work practices to reflect risk
Inform all staff, contractors and visitors
Treat infections
Managing Phytophthora Dieback in nurseries and gardens
Recreation in natural areas
References, links and further information
Armillaria Root Rot
Azaleas & Rhododendrons
Cypress Canker
Fusarium Wilt of Palms
Ganoderma
Plant ID & Disease Diagnostic Services
Plant Identification & Botanical Information Service
Plant Disease Diagnostic Services
Daniel Solander Library
Our Science Staff
Amanda Rollason
Dr Alan W. Archer
Dr Jason Bragg
Dr Karen Sommerville
Dr Matt A.M. Renner
Dr Edward Liew
Dr Robert Kooyman
Dr Zoe-Joy Newby
Dr Hervé Sauquet
Gavin Phillips
Joel Cohen
Lotte von Richter
Samantha Yap
Dr Susan Rutherford
Dr Barbara G. Briggs AM
Dr Peter Cuneo
Dr Marco Duretto
Dr Nathan Emery
Dr Kerry L. Gibbons
Margaret Heslewood
Andre Badiou
Miguel Garcia
Melissa Wong
Dr Richard Jobson
Dr Matthew Laurence
Dr Hannah McPherson
Dr Yola Metti
Dr Cathy Offord
Dr Maurizio Rossetto
Dr Stephen Skinner
Dr Brett Summerell
Dr John A. Thomson
Dr Marlien van der Merwe
Dr Peter Weston
Karen L. Wilson AM
Dr Peter D. Wilson
Dr Peter Wilson
Dr Trevor C. Wilson
Veronica Viler
Patricia Meagher
Dr Russell Barrett
Dr Doug Benson
Jessica Wait
Dr Ganesha Liyanage
Maureen Phelan
Graeme Errington
Greg Bourke
Lesley Elkan
Dr Patricia Lu-Irving
Restore & Renew
Meet the Team
Dr Jason Bragg
Joel Cohen
Samantha Yap
Susan Rutherford
Dr Hannah McPherson
Dr Maurizio Rossetto
Dr Marlien van der Merwe
Dr Peter D. Wilson
Target Species Directory
Acacia binervata - Acacia suaveolens
Acacia terminalis - Atriplex nummularia
Atriplex semibaccata - Callistemon sieberi
Callistemon viminalis - Clerodendrum tomentosum
Commelina cyanea - Diploglottis australis
Dodonaea triquetra - Eucalyptus amplifolia
Eucalyptus baueriana - Eucalyptus sclerophylla
Eucalyptus sideroxylon - Grevillea sericea
Guioa semiglauca - Livistona australis
Lobelia purpurascens- Oplismenus hirtellus
Orites excelsus - Rhagodia candolleana
Rhagodia spinescens - Tetragonia tetragonioides
Themeda triandra - Zieria smithii
Working with plant genetics
Revolutionising Ecological Restoration Practices
How Can You Help?
Scientific Publications
Cunninghamia
Information for Authors
Telopea
Botanical Illustration
Scientific Illustration
Margaret Flockton
The Florilegium
The Margaret Flockton Award
The Wingtags Project
Sulphur-crested Cockatoo
Australian White Ibis
Brush Turkey
Report a Bird
Wingtags Sightings
Cockatoo Names
Sponsorship
Donate now
FAQs
Why are you tagging Cockatoos?
Report a Turkey
Rainforest Conservation Research
Rainforest in Australia
Rainforest distribution
Biogeographic history: the great escape
World Heritage Rainforest
Unique Features
Life Forms
Trunks and Stems
Leaves
Flowers and Fruit
Thorns and more
Rainforest Seed Conservation Project
Rainforest Seed Conservation: Our Project
Rainforest Seed Conservation Project Team
Rainforest Seed Research Update
Latest Publications
Further publications
Rainforest Seeds
Collection
Processing
Rainforest and Dryland Seeds
What are we testing?
Seed Viability & Germination
Desiccation Sensitivity
Comparative Longevity
Cryopreservation
Sensitive Seeds!
Tissue Culture
Living Collections
Education & Capacity Building
Rainforest + seedbank = conservation
Capacity Building
Useful Resources
Volunteering
Sponsors & Project Partners
Rainforest Ecology and Evolution
Rainforest Conservation Appeal
The Botany of Botany Bay
People
Aboriginal people and Botany Bay
Captain James Cook and the visit of the Endeavour
Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander - the naturalists
Captain Arthur Phillip
Jean-François de Galaup de La Pérouse
Plants
Banks & Solander specimens - what happened to them?
Banks & Solander species list
Places
Kurnell - Endeavour Landing Site
La Perouse and Cape Banks
Cooks River
Towra Point
Rainforest Conservation Appeal
Plants
Gardening
Growing Flannel Flowers
Growing Hardenbergia Violacea
Growing Herbs
Growing Native Plants in Sydney
Growing Proteas
Growing Waratahs
Growing Wollemi Pines
Find a Plant
Garden Areas
Plant Information
Plants of NSW
Plant Names & Classification
Collecting Plant Specimens
Preserving Plant Specimens
Common Diseases
Phytophthora Dieback
Commonwealth and NSW legislation and plans
Previous and current research and education projects
Disinfection procedures
Facts about Phytophthora
Managing Phytophthora Dieback in bushland
Understand Phytophthora Dieback
Assess for risk of disease
Adjust work practices to reflect risk
Inform all staff, contractors and visitors
Treat infections
Managing Phytophthora Dieback in nurseries and gardens
Recreation in natural areas
References, links and further information
Armillaria Root Rot
Azaleas & Rhododendrons
Cypress Canker
Fusarium Wilt of Palms
Ganoderma
Plant ID & Disease Diagnostic Services
Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit
Learn
Primary School Excursions
Mapping the Mountains (Early Stage 1)
Spotto Sense Scavengers (Stage 1)
What's About (Stage 2)
Jungle Jive (Stage 3)
Survive and Thrive (Stage 3)
Secondary School Excursions
Biological Diversity Study Days
Living Learning
Virtual Tours
Primary School Resources
Wollemi Pine
Introducing the Wollemi Pine
Wollemi Pine Life Cycle
Wollemi Pine research and conservation
Cumberland Plain Woodland
Introducing the Cumberland Plain Woodland
Interactions among species
Life cycles
Protecting the Cumberland Plain Woodland
Carnivorous Plant Adaptations
Trapping mechanisms at a glance
Snap traps
Pitfall traps
Sticky traps
Suction traps
Light traps
Flying Foxes at Centennial Parklands
Introducing flying foxes
Ficus the Flying Fox finds a new home
Flying foxes populations in Lachlan Swamp
Flying fox facts
School Garden Ideas
Creating a Sensory Garden
Creating a No-dig Garden
Building a Herb Spiral
Building a Wicking Bed
Gardening at Home
Creating a Sensory Garden
Creating a No-dig Garden
Building a Herb Spiral
Building a Wicking Bed
Create Play Grow with Kids
Garden Safari – the Royal Botanic Garden
Name a Plant Competition
Plan Your Excursion
Book Primary School Excursion
Book Secondary School Excursion
Community Greening
Terms and Conditions
Child Safe Charter
Stories
Visit
Map
Things to See & Do
Wildlife
Garden Areas
Natural Areas
Tours and Walks
Stay in the Garden
The Jungle Lodge
Camellia Cottage
Plants for Sale
Wilderness
Eat and Drink
Our History
History of the Garden
The Jungle History
Timeline
Regulations
Opening Hours
Shop our online store
Venue Hire
Picnic and Garden Parties
Brunet BBQ Shelter
BBQ Lawn
Residence Lawn
Weddings
Ceremonies
Wedding Tree Terrace
Formal Garden and Lawn
The Beach
Receptions
Formal Garden Lawn
Waratah Room
Photography
Booking Information
Rate Card
Terms and Conditions
Book Wedding
FAQ
Commercial Filming and Photography
Book Now
Rate Card
Terms and Conditions
Exhibitions
Contact Us
Booking Information
Book Function
Rate Card
Terms and Conditions
What's On
Plants for Sale Temporarily Closed
Tours and Walks Temporarily Suspended
About us
Meet our experts
Amy Jozing
Carla Horvath
Vanessa Fuchs
Dr Karen Sommerville
Dr Marlien van der Merwe
Dr Trevor Wilson
John Siemon
Elizabeth Docking
Peter Dawe
Phil Pettitt
David Laughlin
Jarryd Kelly
Grant Burrell
Chris Cole
Yvonne Vale
Geoffrey Goodwin
Marion Whitehead
Kayte Wilkie
Ian Allan
Christina McGhee
Jordan Scott
Rebecca Anderson
Josh Brown
Stephanie Mearns
Contact us
Major projects
Digitisation of National Herbarium of NSW Collection
Building a new Herbarium
Draft Master Plan
Restaurant renovations: June - August 2019
Media
Our organisation
Policy documents
Publication Guide
GIPA
Jobs
Notifications
Garden closed due to bushfires until 6 January 2020
Garden closed due to bushfires until 13 January 2020
Parking is limited due to bush fire damage
Road closures in Richmond and Windsor
COVID-19 information and update
Doing business with us
Register for services opportunity or business initiatives
Join & Support
Donate
Restore & Renew
Leave a Gift in your Will
Growing our collections: Gift to the Library
Meadows of memories: Inspiring Generations of Giving
An eternal love: Rathborne Lodge
Blue Mountain Botanic Garden 30th Birthday Gift
Donate
Corporate Support
Become a Corporate Partner
HSBC: A Growing Partnership
Distillery Botanica: Rather Royal Gin
The Disney Fairies Trail: Magic in our Natural World
TransGrid: Employee Environmentalists
Meet our Partners
Membership
Foundation and Friends of the Botanic Gardens
About Foundation & Friends
Membership
Volunteering
Become a Waratah Member
What's on
Major Events by Foundation & Friends
E-Newsletter
Dedicate a Bench
Remembering the future
Wrapped in love
Volunteering
Leave a Gift in your Will
Growing our collections: Gift to the Library
Meadows of memories: Inspiring Generations of Giving
An eternal love: Rathborne Lodge
Become a Waratah Member
Explore The Jungle
Search
Donate Now
COVID-19 Update
Virtual backgrounds featuring the Garden